Why Do We Eat? A Neurobiological Perspective. Part III

In the first post, I explained that all voluntary actions are driven by a central action selection system in the mesolimbic area (the reward system). This is the part of you that makes the decision to act, or not to act. This system determines your overall motivation to obtain food, based on a variety of internal and external factors, for example hunger, the effort required to obtain food, and the sensory qualities of food/drink. These factors are recognized and processed by a number of specialized 'modules' in the brain, and forwarded to the reward system where the decision to eat, or not to eat, is made. Researchers divide food intake into two categories: 1) eating from a true energy need by the body (homeostatic eating), e.g. hunger, and 2) eating for other reasons (non-homeostatic eating), e.g. eating for social reasons or because the food tastes really good.

In the second post of the series, we explored how the brain regulates food intake on a meal-to meal basis based on feedback from the digestive system, and how food properties can influence this process. The integrated gut-brain system that accomplishes this can be called the satiety system.

In this post, we'll explore the energy homeostasis system, which regulates energy balance (energy in vs. energy out) and body fatness on a long term basis.

The Energy Homeostasis System

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Why Do We Eat? A Neurobiological Perspective. Part II

In the last post, I explained that eating behavior is determined by a variety of factors, including hunger and a number of others that I'll gradually explore as we make our way through the series. These factors are recognized by specialized brain 'modules' and forwarded to a central action selection system in the mesolimbic area (the reward system), which determines if they are collectively sufficient cause for action. If so, they're forwarded to brain systems that directly drive the physical movements involved in seeking and consuming food (motor systems).

The term 'homeostasis' is important in biology. Homeostasis is a process that attempts to keep a particular factor within a certain stable range. The thermostat in your house is an example of a homeostatic system. It reacts to upward or downward changes in a manner that keeps temperature in a comfortable range. The human body also contains a thermostat that keeps internal temperature close to 98.6 F. Many things are homeostatically regulated by the body, and one of them is energy status (how much energy the body has available for use). Homeostasis of large-scale processes in the body is typically regulated by the brain.

We can divide the factors that determine feeding behavior into two categories, homeostatic and non-homeostatic. Homeostatic eating is when food intake is driven by a true energy need, as perceived by the brain. For the most part, this is eating in response to hunger. Non-homeostatic eating is when food intake is driven by factors other than energy need, such as palatability, habitual meal time, and food cues (e.g. you just walked by a vending machine full of Flamin' Hot Cheetos).

We can divide energy homeostasis into two sub-categories: 1) the system that regulates short-term, meal-to-meal calorie intake, and 2) the system that regulates fat mass, the long-term energy reserve of the human body. In this post, I'll give an overview of the process that regulates energy homeostasis on a short-term, meal-to-meal basis.

The Satiety System (Short-Term Energy Homeostasis)


The stomach of an adult human has a capacity of 2-4 liters. In practice, people rarely eat that volume of food. In fact, most of us feel completely stuffed long before we've reached full stomach capacity. Why?

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Why Do We Eat? A Neurobiological Perspective. Part I

As with all voluntary movements, eating food is an expression of activity in the brain. The brain integrates various inputs from around the body, and outside the body, and decides whether or not to execute the goal-directed behaviors of food seeking and consumption. Research has uncovered a lot about how this process works, and in this series I'll give a simplified overview of what scientists have learned about how, and why, the brain decides to eat.

The Gatekeeper of Voluntary Behaviors

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Comment Policy

Over the last year, I've noticed that the quality of the comments section here has deteriorated significantly, with a high proportion of poorly grounded and/or disrespectful comments, typically from anonymous or semi-anonymous people.  This is the nature of the Internet I suppose-- comments sections are rowdy places.  But ultimately I do have control over this, and I intend to exert it to maintain a higher level of information quality and decorum in my corner of the Internet.

For the foreseeable future, I'll be moderating comments.  Here are my criteria for deciding whether or not a comment will be published:

1. Value.  Comments should be well thought out, and points supported by research or at least solid logic.  Personal anecdotes are welcome as long as they aren't over-interpreted.  Thoughtful questions are also welcome, although I can't guarantee I'll answer them.  As always, anyone is free to disagree with me in a constructive manner, or simply offer a word of support.  
2. Respect.  Comments should be respectful to me and other commenters, and composed in a concise manner.  It isn't difficult to disagree in a respectful way.
3. On topic.  Comments should be at least somewhat relevant to the subject of the post.
4. Full name.  Attaching your full name to a comment means taking responsibility for what you write.  I'll continue to publish anonymous comments if they add value, but I'll be more likely to publish if you include your full name in your screen name, your profile, or at the bottom of your comment.
5. No ads.  I will not publish links to commercial sites that do not add value to the discussion, nor will I publish any other link I find objectionable.

Because I'll be moderating, I've decided to remove the captcha word authentication, which many people found difficult to use.  We'll see how that goes.  Since I have a lot on my plate, and Whole Health Source is a one-man show, I may not always moderate comments in a timely manner.  I apologize in advance for the inconvenience.  

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Announcing the Ideal Weight Program

I often receive requests from people asking for my overall perspective on fat loss and health.  I share my opinions here, but they're scattered throughout hundreds of posts, there's a lot I haven't had a chance to write about, and I rarely give practical recommendations.  However, I knew I'd eventually put everything together into a cohesive fat loss program-- it was only a matter of finding the right opportunity.

That opportunity presented itself in 2011 when I met Dan Pardi, a researcher whose work focuses on sleep and food intake, and the CEO of a company called Dan's Plan.  I was immediately impressed by Dan because he stood out as someone with a high level of expertise in sleep and physical activity, as well as someone who has successfully lost a substantial amount of fat and kept it off for several years.

Dan and his team had developed a set of unique and engaging tools for tracking weight, sleep, and physical activity to help people maintain daily mindfulness over the simple fundamentals of health.  These tools are 100 percent free and incredibly easy to use, particularly if you sync them with an electronic scale and step counter.  When synced with these devices, the Dan's Plan website automatically uploads and displays your weight, sleep, and physical activity score, as well as integrating them all into a single user-friendly Health Zone Score that lets you know your overall performance at a glance.  Even if you have no interest in fat loss, I highly recommend using the free tracking tools on the Dan's Plan site-- I do.

In early 2012, Dan approached me about creating a fat loss program for Dan's Plan that incorporates their unique tracking tools.  This struck me as an excellent opportunity to create a diet and lifestyle program that combines sound science with exciting new technology.  Dan and I both brought science to the table, and Dan also brought the perspective gained from working with others to help them lose fat, as well as his own successful fat loss experience.  Dan and I have been working hard on this project, and we're finally ready to launch.

I'm happy to announce the Ideal Weight Program, an effective new system for fat loss and maintenance.

What is the Ideal Weight Program?

The Ideal Weight Program is a unique system for fat loss and maintenance that draws from the latest science on diet, physical activity, sleep, and behavior modification, and pairs it with engaging tools that help you define your goals and meet them.  It keeps you consistently focused on the everyday factors that really matter for fat loss, and gives you the skills you need to make sustainable diet and lifestyle changes.  Based on your own goals and priorities, you can choose one of two diet strategies for the initial fat loss phase:

• The Fat Loss and Sustainable Health (FLASH) diet, an intensive high-protein diet for rapid fat loss.
• The Simple Food Diet, a more flexible diet based on whole, natural foods specifically selected for fat loss.  One important goal of this diet is to teach healthy cooking skills, using recipes and tips provided.

These diets are designed to naturally promote a lower calorie intake and fat loss, without requiring calorie counting.  The Ideal Weight Program also includes important physical activity and sleep components, and explains why these are so critical for fat loss and health.  Dan and I discussed some of the principles underlying the Ideal Weight Program on Chris Kresser's podcast recently.

Here's what you get when you sign up:

• Detailed documents that walk you through the program
• Weight, sleep, and physical activity tracking tools tailored for fat loss
• Simple recipes and cooking tips that work with almost anything in your fridge
• Videos that explain the key concepts behind fat loss and maintenance
• An e-book explaining the scientific rationale behind the program

Signing up for the Ideal Weight Program gives you lifetime access to everything.  We've discounted the initial price, because we want to hear your feedback so that we can continue to improve the program over time.  If you follow the link below, first you'll be prompted to sign up for a basic Dan's Plan account, and once you have your account set up, you'll be able to purchase the Ideal Weight Program:

Ideal Weight Program



Financial disclosure: I will receive a portion of the revenue from the sale of the Ideal Weight Program.  I do not receive revenue from the sale of other products associated with Dan's Plan or the Ideal Weight Program (such as the Fitbit, cooking tools, and other programs).

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Food Reward Friday

This week's "winner"... the KFC Double Down sandwich!

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Comment Published in Nature

I recently read an opinion piece by Gary Taubes in the scientific journal Nature, titled "Treat Obesity as Physiology, not Physics", in which he promoted NuSI and repeated the statement that obesity research is a "house of cards" because it focuses on calories in/out, at the expense of studying the "hormonal regulatory disorders" underlying obesity (1). I wrote a letter to the editor in response to Taubes's commentary, which has been published in Nature (2).

I'm used to seeing these kinds of claims in the popular press at this point, but to see it published in a scientific journal is galling (even if it's in the opinion section). This is the equivalent of a person who has never held an ax telling a group of lumberjacks they need to focus on cutting trees. It's part of a disturbing trend of popular writers in the low-carb and Paleo world attacking researchers, and even entire fields of research, they have little understanding of. Of course this only applies to a minority of the community, but this argumentation style smells of desperation and reflects poorly on the community as a whole.

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Dogs Eating Carbs

Five years ago, I had an interesting conversation with a veterinarian friend about dog food. We were talking about diabetes in one of the dogs she was treating, and I remarked "that's what happens when you feed a carnivore carbohydrate". She gave me a funny look. At the time, I was seeing the world through the low-carb lens, and I remember thinking how bizarre it was that she didn't yield to my impeccable logic. As they say, live and learn.

The journal Nature published a fascinating paper on the evolution of the domestic dog today (1). Researchers compared the genome of wolves and domestic dogs to see what genetic changes accompanied domestication.

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Ginger Soup with Lamb Meat Recipe

What would most of people normally will do when must facing the cold weather and the rainy season? Some of them maybe will wearing cold weather clothing such as sweaterwhich make from the wool sheep to keep the body warm, brew a cup of ginger tea as the healthy tea recipe, then prefer to stay at home with the family also watch the television, is it wonderful life on the cold weather and rainy season, how do you think? Other idea, just contact your tourist tour, buy online the airline ticket, packs the bag to go to tropical climate area such as Bali, Indonesia!

But unfortunately not everyone may be able to do so, well when its happen to you, the most important thing is how to make your body keep in health when must facing the cold weather and the rainy season. What do you think when most of people has believe if lamb recipe is the healthy food as red meat recipe to keep the body warm in facing the cold weather and the rainy season? My self is believe with this but not for lamb food such as whole roasted lamb recipe or rack roasted lamb recipe, use red meat such as lamb for soup is   much better to enjoy it seems in the face of cold weather and the rainy season. 

A traditional Chinese recipe that it seems interest to try, yes, I believe that you already know about ginger lamb soup recipe that is not only warm the body but have benefit health for us. According the information that I got from the website of benefitof.net, here are some of the benefits of ginger soup instead of lamb, in Indonesia, lamb stew recipe has familiar with the name of Tongseng that are thick with traditional Chinese spices and the Middle East cook recipe as well as the origin of many of lamb recipe begins beside Europe. 

Ginger lamb soup is rich in calcium as the essential nutrition for building and strengthening bone structure include teeth. Calcium which contain in ginger lamb soup recipe also helps in skin cell regeneration, which means slow aging or wrinkles on the skin. For those of you who currently in a healthy diet program, the recipe of ginger lamb soup will help you since this cooking recipe is make people feel full faster and while not hungry faster, it is because ginger lamb soup recipe is rich in protein. Then when you compare about lamb as red meat with other red meat such as beef and pork, lamb ginger stew give less in calories and fat where this is certainly healthyfor your body. Now it's time for you to try! FHXTBWQ869K4

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Cinnamon as Your Spices Valentine’s Day

When I was just take a look the cinnamon sticks and vanilla bean on the kitchen inventory, and my last post in organic Indonesia vanilla about spices on Valentine’s day, how do you think for the idea about the use of cinnamon stick as the scent candle on your Valentine dinner and the making recipe of cinnamon rolls to serve on Valentine’s Day? Why cinnamon as your Valentine spices? And why is cinnamonas your scent spices on your candle night dinner in Valentine’s Day including the delicious recipe of cinnamon rolls?  

Did you know when we talk about cinnamon stick is we talk about the history of candlein the world? Even every country have different story about first found of candle. Cinnamon was what people in India has use to make candle for the first time in the history, yes, people in India was boiling the fruit of the cinnamon tree to make candle. Make cinnamon as your scent candle on your valentine dinner?

Since cinnamon has know as modern aromatherapy candles today, well, cinnamonwill help you to create the the romantic athmosphere that you want in your Valentine dinner that I think. The simple idea in prepare if you have a plan to create the romantic athmosphere of cinnamon scent on your valentine dinner both in cinnamon oil or it can be also by use cinnamon stick as candle craft. The information that I got from the website of hobbycraft.co.uk, the material that what we need for cinnamon candle craft, lengths of dried cinnamon sticks such as the picture above that you can buy it on the nearest gourmet spices store, church candle, elastic bands that wide enough to fit around the outside of candle, garden string, dried fruit and last is tims.  

Other information that I am interested to know also about cinnamon spices and Valentine’s Day is about the history of cinnamon rolls, it is important knowledge for me since sometime the customer ask me about the product benefit especially vanilla bean as what we produce in Java, Indonesia. Cinnamon rolls is the dating bake as the information which I got from ehow.com, the ingredients recipe of cinnamon rolls to serve on Valentine’s Day is cinnamon powder, sugarand butter, but I think cinnamon rolls is not for Valentine’s dinner since cinnamon rolls as sweet pastry mostly eaten on the breakfast time.      

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How to find best grinder for spices herb?

I was remember my first experience when try to grindingour spices herb, first experiment that we used grinder machine which usually work for coffee bean, yes it has working good for coffee bean but not for other spices such as vanilla bean to become ground vanilla powder. I need ground vanilla powder as the material in the making recipes of vanilla bean paste as the recipe from my best customer in Australia about homemade vanilla bean paste.

So, when you have a plan to buy grinder for your spices herb, as my advice to make it sure before what you will used for in the futures, coffee grinder was easy to get but need some specific product to grinding other spices herb.

Other thing that you should to consider also when having a plan to buy grinder machine for your spices herbs, not only about the grinderprice, grinder brand and include about the grinder function what you will used for in the futures, electric power of grinder and the capacity of your herb spices grinder is other thing as what you should be consider also.

When you have a plan to buy the grinder machine by online, good online store will put some information on their website not only about the picture of spices grinder, grinder price but also other grinder specification and function, hope they will put information also about prices promotion as everybody love it. Well, Chinese Festival will be coming soon, have you been thinking about most spices powder has popular in the world? Chinese Five Spices Powder, you can make it by own with your spices herb grinder or can be buying also at your nearest gourmet spices shop!  

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Food Reward Friday

This week's "winner"... the Garbage Plate!!

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Lamb Roast with Coffee Bean Sauce

Including me and my wife, most of people who love cookingmaybe more familiar in use kind of spicessuch as pepper, coriander and nutmeg as sauce ingredients on the cooking recipe such as lamb roast, last, together with my wife where we prepare lamb roast for the order which come from the customer as the new years celebration. But how about the sauce ingredients on the lamb roast recipeswhen use coffee bean?

The new knowledge for me and can be inspiration for the next customer order after has know about Hawaii lamb roast recipes which use coffee bean as the sauce ingredients,   not on the whole lamb roast but only rack of lamb. Have you been hearing before about the recipe of Kona Coffee Roasted Rack of Lamb?

Source from Wikipedia, Kona coffee is the commercial coffee name for Arabica coffee which cultivated and produces in the slopes of Hualalai, Mauna Loa and Kona districtson the big island of Hawaii. Same as Civet Coffee or Kopi Luwak in Indonesia, Kona coffee is the expensive coffee also in the world.

Kona coffee usually will have flower blooms in the month of February and March, where in the late month of August, red fruit coffee which called cherry will start to ripen for picking and process being coffee bean. Iga Domba Bakar, that Indonesia name for Roasted Rack of Lamb and Domba Guling for Whole Lamb Roast.  

Looking for Kopi Luwak source in the island of Javaespecially West Java provinces then make delicious recipes about the roasted rack of lamb with Luwak Coffee sauce? Well, last that I got some information when visit Cireboncity in West Java, at Linggarjati, Kuningan district, there some area under the mountain of Ciremai which produce Java Luwak Coffee. I will post the news on the blog in someday since the island of Javahas been knows very rich for kind of spicesincluding the heritage of traditional culinary recipes.   

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Starbucks, Link Share and Affiliation Business

For all of you who has a dream to have exotic gourmet coffee shop, but you still worried about how to start up the business and the fund capital, why not to try in simple business strategy as best work smart method that very useful in my thinking for business beginner? The story was began when I am very interested to search about the famous coffee brand and coffee company in the world called Starbucks.

The unique thing that I saw on the website which owned by Starbucks is not only about the coffee bean product, more than that, I saw the brilliant idea of Starbucksabout their marketing strategy in selling the coffee product. As we know if Starbucks is the big coffee house company in the world which having about 20,366 stores in 61 countries include Indonesia, but Starbucks is keep concern to promote their coffeeproduct and make the their brand keep as the leader in the world.

The marketing strategythat make me interest about Starbucks is when this coffee company offers some online business opportunities for the people who interest to sell their product means by become Starbucks affiliate, yes, partnership with LinkShare where Starbucks make LinkShare as online media sites for their product affiliatepartner. It will be easy on right now for all of you who have a dream to have exotic gourmet coffee shop, and it will be very proud for all of you have when having coffee product from Starbucksas the famous coffee brand and coffee company in the world.

The business step is very easy to start for all of you which having a dream about online gourmet coffee of Starbucks, first step is you must to be join first as a publisher on Linkshare by having your own blogor website about coffee theme as my advice as the unique and niche word in online business. Then after LinkSharehas approve your request to be join as publisher, the next business step that you must suppose to do is get an affiliate link of Starbucks coffee products that presented by LinkShare. Well, now anyone can sell Starbucks coffee without having to buy coffee product as stock sales since what you are need is just write about coffee, starbucks and other niche world related with coffee recipes maybe  on your website or blog!

So what the benefit that Starbuckswill be giving to us a publisher on LinkShare after we put an affiliate link on our website or blog about Starbucks? When the customer make decision to buy Starbucksproduct by using LinkShare affiliate link in our website our blog as LinkShare publisher, LinkShare will pay us for the affiliate commission between 5 to 7% where it will be depending of product items has sold through an affiliate link that we have, the most important is, you did not have to fuss and bother buying goods or send the Starbucksproduct which order by the customer!

Actually not only does Starbucks have incorporated with LinkShare as the world affiliate company, and not just food and beverage products that we can sell it online on a website or blog that we have through the affiliate link provided by LinkShare, many big company has joint in LinkShare such as travel company, automotive, entertainment, healthcare, office equipment and children's toys where can we sell products through links provided by LinkShare. Well, what are you waiting for? Let’s start with the simple step to the biggest business opportunities, make your dream come true to have exotic gourmet coffee shop! 

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Appearance on "Ask the Low-Carb Experts" Podcast Postponed

I was scheduled to appear on Jimmy Moore's show "Ask the Low-Carb Experts" this Thursday.  I don't consider myself a low-carb expert, but I do have expertise in obesity and metabolism, and Jimmy had invited me to discuss these topics on his show.

Due to a confluence of events, I've decided that this is not the best time to do the show.  I want to be clear that I don't intend this as a rebuke of Jimmy Moore or his show-- most of my reasons for postponing have nothing to do with Jimmy.  Thanks for your understanding.

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Health Secret of Arrowroot Powder

For all of you whose living in USA that I believe has familiar with Arrowroot Powder. The powder which comes from the rhizome of herb plant that has the scientist name is Maranta arundinacea. My interested with this herb plant is when I was saw this plant which planting under durian tree at the plantation of my father in law on Kuningan city, West Java provinces, Indonesia. People in West Javahas call Arrowroot with the name of Garut plant. 

Different with arrowrootproducer in other tropical countrys that maybe cultivate arrowroot in a big scale and set as the arrowroot plantation, arrowrootas herb plant still not cultivate in a big scale in Indonesia unless in some part of area. Philippines as a country in South East Asia known as the biggest arrowroot powderproducer in the world. The same conditions about the use of arrowroot powder in Indonesiawhich still a little in amount of people use it that different with the use of wheat flour.

What is arrowroot powder actually? Fact is arrowroot tuberscontain about 23% of starch, in Indonesia words is umbi or rimpang. When arrowroot starch get harvest then dried in the sun or drying house, the arrowroot starch can be made into arrowroot powder. Which one is the best between wheat flour and arrowroot powder? Well, I think the answer will be depend about individual people like in the use between both of them for many thing use, but when we use arrowroot powder in our baking or cooking recipes where there will be many health benefit in the use of arrowroot powder which has know also as herbal remedies.         

Some health benefit of arrowroot that I got from the website of morethanalive.com, arrowroot contains rich of carbohydrates and calcium, the use of arrowroot powder is recommended for soothe an uneasy stomach and alleviate diarrhea or nausea and vomiting. Arrowroot is also can be use as easily digested source of nutrition for infants and people that in recovery from illnesses also on restricted diets. What the next idea after see arrowroot which planting under durian tree at the plantation of my father in law on West Java provinces, Indonesia? Well, as my wife said that it would be great idea to try the recipe of Durian Pancake. 

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Overfeeding and Elevated Insulin

It's commonly accepted in the obesity research community that fat gain causes insulin resistance and an increase in circulating insulin, and that this is a major reason why obese people usually have insulin resistance and high circulating insulin. Part of the rationale is that substantial fat loss by almost any means improves insulin sensitivity and causes circulating insulin to decline, and substantial fat gain from deliberate overfeeding causes insulin sensitivity to decline and circulating insulin to increase. I recently cited three references to support this contention on another blog, and was challenged, so I decided to revisit these references to make sure I had understood them correctly (1, 2, 3). Since I took the time to do this, I figured I may as well write it up for my readers, since these studies are quite informative.

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Food Reward Friday

This week's "winner"... the Heart Attack Grill's Quadruple Bypass Burger!

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Extreme Flu Activity in the US

A friend of mine came down with a nasty flu recently. I checked Google Flu Trends, and found that flu activity is currently at "intense" levels throughout the US. This is the highest flu activity Google Flu Trends has recorded in the last six years (image from Google Flu Trends 1/3/12).

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Herbs and Spices for Animal Livestock

Not only having benefit use for human health, many research said about benefit use of herbs and spices for animal livestock. Start with the definition about livestockbase on information that I got from the website of wisegeek.com, livestock is an umbrella term used for domesticated animals raised in an agricultural environment, with the intent of providing food, textiles, labor, or fertilizer to their owners. Common examples are horses, pigs, goats, cows, sheep, and poultry although numerous other semi-wild animals including reindeer, yaks, camels, and emus could also be considered livestock.  

If the humans can enjoy spices so why not animals livestock as well? Its nice words that make me interest to know more what benefit use of herbs and spices for animal livestock which I got from the website of Conversation Magazine at conservationmagazine.org.

According to the study by Newcastle University research student Mohammad Mehedi Hasan and Dr Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry, benefit use of herbs and spices such as coriander and turmeric that usually used in flavour curries by human in the cooking recipes, coriander and turmericcan reduce the amount of methane which produced by sheep. Spices also help an animal digest its food more efficiently which could reduce the amount of feed needed. Coriander was the most efficient spice in the experiment, followed by tumericand then cinnamon. 

Spices and the battle of bird flu? According the information that I got from the website of news.nationalgeographic.com, it is about star anise as part of Chinese cuisine's five-spice powder which has know as a licorice-flavored spice that's long been a staple on Asian tables may now be a major weapon against global influenza.

Source from the website of chinadaily.com.cn, with the spread of bird flu prompting fears of an epidemic or even pandemic that could kill humans by the million, a Chinese spice hitherto associated with the pleasures of aperitifs has suddenly assumed key medical significance. For the fruit known as star anisehas an ingredient vital to a drug to fight the strain of avian flu that has already killed more than 60 people in Asia. How spices can help livestock in battle of bird flu? Well, you can click the link information below at Shvoong in bahasa according to the result researchof Indonesia scientist.

How spices can help livestock in battle of bird flu?

http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/veterinary/2347224-manfaat-jamu-ternak-untuk-hewan/

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